Multifunctional Forest Management and Carbon Mapping in Communal Lands: A Sentinel-2 and InVEST-Based Assessment in NW Spain

Agroforestry ecosystems combine diverse land uses, enhancing forest multifunctionality and offering effective strategies to address climate change, fire prevention, and biodiversity conservation. This research aims to promote multifunctional forest management by integrating an agroforestry system in the Communal Forest Lands in Joint Ownership of Baroña (CMVMC Galicia, NW Spain), balancing productive, ecological, and social uses. Land uses and covers for 2024 were classified using satellite imagery and field data, achieving a classification accuracy of 89%. Carbon storage was estimated using the InVEST tool, showing that the Coniferous forest class stores the highest carbon stock, with 98,606 tn. The proposed methodology supports territorial planning and sustainable forest management by enabling the quantification of ecosystem services. These results provide a scientific basis for implementing measures to mitigate climate change impacts and improve environmental governance in communal forest systems.