Application of QuEChERS-GCxGC-TOF MS method for the determination of flame retardants in aquaculture fish samples.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are two groups of chemical compounds commonly found in the aquatic environment, mainly because of their widespread use in consumer and industrial products. These substances can accumulate in fish, especially in fatty tissues, raising concerns about their possible transfer to humans through diet. In this study, an analytical methodology was developed and validated to detect and quantify PBDEs and OPFRs in fish samples using a modified QuEChERS extraction followed by two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS) analysis. The method showed good performance in terms of recovery, precision, and detection limits. The two-dimensional chromatography allowed for better separation of isomer compounds, which are often difficult to be analyzed using conventional methods. This approach provides a reliable and sensitive tool for monitoring flame retardants in fish and can contribute to assessing both environmental contamination and potential risks for consumers.