Biochar derived from the invasive aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum: Characterization via SEM–EDX and application in lead removal

The accumulation of lead (Pb) in aquatic environments remains a significant environmental challenge due to its toxicity and persistence. Meanwhile, invasive aquatic plants, such as Myriophyllum spicatum, cause ecological and economic issues due to their rapid growth and extensive biomass production. Converting this problematic biomass into biochar presents an opportunity to address both issues simultaneously. This study investigates biochar derived from M. spicatum via pyrolysis at 600°C, characterized using SEM–EDX, for its effectiveness in removing lead from aqueous solutions. Pyrolysis decreased carbon content through the conversion of organic carbon into volatile products, while the non-volatile calcium content increased more than fourfold. Pb(II) adsorption capacities improved significantly, from 73.9 mg/g in raw biomass to 92.4 mg/g in biochar, indicating an enhancement of over 20% in lead removal efficiency. These findings demonstrate the potential of biochar from invasive aquatic plants as a sustainable and effective solution for remediating lead-contaminated water, thus supporting the principles of the circular economy and contributing to ecosystem restoration.